It is common, affecting individuals of all countries and ethnic groups. In some regions, the risk is higher, most notably in countries like Saudi Arabia, where the lifetime risk of developing a renal stone in men aged 60–70 is just over 20%.
Causes
Environmental and dietary causes
- Low urine volumes: high ambient temperatures, low fluid intake
- Diet: high protein, high sodium, low calcium
- High sodium excretion
- High oxalate excretion
- High urate excretion
- Low citrate excretion
Acquired causes
- Hypercalcaemia of any cause
- Ileal disease or resection
- Renal tubular acidosis
Congenital and inherited causes
- Familial hypercalciuria
- Medullary sponge kidney
- Cystinuria
Clinical features
The clinical presentation is highly variable. Most patients with renal stone disease are asymptomatic, whereas others present with pain blood in urine, UTI or urinary tract obstruction. A common presentation is with acute unsuccessfully to obtain relief by changing position or pacing the room. There is pallor, sweating and often vomiting.
Preventive measures for renal stones
Diet
Fluid
- At least 2 L output per day
- Intake distributed
Sodium
- Restrict intake
Protein
- Moderate, not high
Calcium
- Maintain good calcium intake with dietary oxalate, lowering oxalate absorption and excretion)
- Avoid calcium supplements separate from meals
Oxalate
- Avoid foods that are rich in oxalate (spinach, rhubarb)
Drugs
Thiazide diuretics
- Reduce calcium excretion
- Valuable in recurrent stone-formers and hypercalciuria
Avoid
- Vitamin D supplements
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